. By the testimony of two witnesses or three witnesses shall the one who is to die be put to death (Deut. 17:6). Now if the tes-timony may be established by two, why did Scripture specify by three? It is to compare three to two: Just as three can discredit two, so two can discredit three. How do we know that [this is true] even [for] one hundred? To teach [this] it states: witnesses. R' Shimon says: Just as two are not executed unless both are proved zomemim, so three are not executed unless the three of them are proved zomemim. How do we know that [this is true] even [for] one hundred? To teach [this] it states: witnesses. R' Akiva says: The third witness is mentioned only for the purpose of dealing stringently with him and to make his sen-tence the same as these. Now if Scripture punished one who joined transgressors like the transgressors [themselves], how much more will it reward the one who joins those who perform a mitzvah the same as those who perform the mitzvah!

Just as [with] two, [if] one of them is found [to be] a kinsman or a disqualified [witness], their testimony is void, so too [with] three, [if] one of them is found [to be] a kinsman or a disqualified [witness], their testimony is void. How do we know that [this is so] even [for] a hundred? To teach [this] it states: witnesses. Said R' Yose: In regard to what is this said? In regard to capital cases; but in regard to civil cases, the testimony is estab-lished through the remaining [witnesses]. Rabbi says: Both in civil cases and in capital cases, but only if they warned them. But if they did not warn them —- what should two brothers do who saw someone commit a murder?