If the beis din and all of Israel saw [the moon], or if the witnesses were interrogated, but they did not manage to say, “It is sanctified,” before it grew dark —- it is full.  If only beis din saw it, two [of them] should stand and testify before the others, and they should say, “It is sanctified, it is sanctified!”  If three saw it and they constitute a beis din, [then] two should stand up and set some of their colleagues beside the single one and testify before them, and say, “It is sanctified, it is sanctified!” For an individual is not trusted alone.

All shofars are valid except for that of a cow, because it is [called] a keren.  R’ Yose said: But are not all shofars called keren, as it is said: When they make a long blast with the ram’s keren?

The shofar of Rosh Hashanah should be from a wild goat, straight, and [with] a gold-covered mouthpiece, and [with] two trumpets at the sides.  The shofar blows long and the trumpets blow short, for the commandment of the day is with the shofar.

On fast-days, they are of rams’ [horns], curved, and with silver-plated mouthpieces, and with two trumpets in the middle.  The shofar blows short and the trumpets blow long, for the commandment of the day is with the trumpets.

The Jubilee year is similar to Rosh Hashanah regarding the blowing [of the shofar] and the benedictions.  R’ Yehudah says: On Rosh Hashanah [we] blow with rams’ [horns], and on the Jubilee years with wild goats’ [horns].

Ashofar that was split and he glued it together, it is invalid. If he glued together broken pieces of a shofar, it is invalid. If there is a hole [in the shofar] and he sealed it: if it hinders the blowing, it is invalid; and if not, it is valid.

If a person blows [a shofar] into a pit or into a cistern or into a cask: if one heard the sound of the shofar, he has fulfilled his obligation; but if he heard the sound of an echo, he has not fulfilled his obligation.  Similarly, if one were passing behind a synagogue, or if his house was close to a synagogue, and he heard the sound of the shofar or the sound [of the reading] of the Megillah: if he concentrated, he has fulfilled his obligation; but if not, he has not fulfilled his obligation —- even though both he and someone else listened, this one concentrated but the other did not concentrate.

And it came to pass when Moses raised his hand that Israel prevailed, etc.  Was it Moses’ hands that won the battle or lost the battle? Rather, [the Torah] teaches you: As long as Israel looked heavenward and subjected their heart to their Father in Heaven, they would prevail; but when they did not, they would fall.  In a similar matter you learn: Make a fiery serpent and set it upon a pole, and it shall come to pass that whoever is bitten will look at it, and live.  Was it the serpent that killed or the serpent that gave life? Rather, when Israel looked heavenward and subjected their heart to their Father in Heaven, they were healed; but when they did not, they perished.  A deaf person, an imbecile, and a minor cannot discharge the obligation of the many. This is the general rule: Whoever is not obligated [himself] in a matter cannot discharge the obligation of the many.