One who throws from a private domain to a public domain, [or] from a public domain to a private domain, is liable. [One who throws] from one private domain to another private domain, and a public domain [lies] in between, R’ Akiva holds [him] liable. The Sages, however, exempt [him].

In what manner? Two balconies, one opposite the other, in a public domain, one who hands over or throws from one to the other is exempt. If both were in one row, one who hands over is liable, [whereas] one who throws is exempt. For such was the work of the Levites: [There were] two wagons one behind the other in a public domain, they would hand over the boards from one to the other, but they would not throw [them]. The bank of a cistern and a rock that are ten [handbreadths] high and four [handbreadths] wide, one who takes [an article] from them or places [an article] upon them is liable; less than these [dimensions], he is exempt.

One who throws [an article a distance of] four cubits against a wall, above ten handbreadths [from the ground], it is as though he is throwing in the air; below ten handbreadths [from the ground], it as though he is throwing on the ground. One who throws [an article a distance of] four cubits on the ground is liable. [If] one threw [to a point] within four cubits, but it rolled beyond four cubits, he is exempt; [if he threw] beyond four cubits, but it [then] rolled [back] to within four cubits, he is liable.

One who throws [a distance of] four cubits in the sea is exempt. If there was a shallow pool of muddy water with a public domain passing through it, one who throws [a distance of] four cubits in it is liable. How much is a shallow pool? Less than ten handbreadths. A shallow pool with a public domain passing through it, one who throws [a distance of] four cubits in it is liable.

One who throws from the sea to the dry land, from the dry land to the sea, from the sea to the ship, from the ship to the sea, or from one ship to another, is exempt. If ships are tied together, we may move [things] from one to the other. If they are not tied [together], even though they are close to each other, we may not move [things] from one to the other.

One who threw [something], and reminded himself after it had left his hand; [or] another [person] caught it; [or] a dog caught it; [or] it was burnt [in flight]; he is exempt. [If] one threw [a stone] with the intention of inflicting a wound upon either a man or a beast, and he reminded himself when the wound had not yet been inflicted, he is exempt. This is the rule: All who are liable for sin offerings are not liable unless the be-ginning and the end of their acts are [both] inadvertent. [If] their beginning was in-advertent but their end was intentional, [or if] their beginning was intentional but their end was inadvertent, they are exempt, unless their beginning and their end are inadvertent.