These are the ones who are strangled: one who strikes his father or mother, one who kidnaps a Jew, an elder who rebels against the word of the court, a false prophet, one who prophesies in the name of a false god, one who commits adultery, the zomemim [witnesses] of the daughter of a Kohen, and the man who cohabited with her.  One who strikes his father or mother is not liable unless he makes a bruise. This is the stringency of one who curses over one who strikes —- one who curses [his parents] after [their] death is liable, whereas one who strikes [them] after [their] death is exempt.  One who kidnaps a Jew is not liable unless he takes him into his possession. R’ Yehudah says: Unless he brings him into his possession and makes use of him, as it is stated: And he made use of him and sold him. [If] one kidnaps his son, R’ Yishmael the son of R’ Yochanan ben Berokah renders [him] liable, but the Sages exempt [him]. [If] he kidnapped someone who was half slave and half free, R’ Yehudah renders [him] liable, but the Sages exempt [him].

A sage who rebels against the word of the court, as it is stated: If there shall arise a matter too difficult for you to judge, etc. There were three courts there: one sat at the entrance to the Temple Mount; one sat at the entrance to the Courtyard; and one sat in the Chamber of Hewn Stone. They come to the one at the entrance to the Temple Mount, where he says, “Thus I have expounded and thus my colleagues have expounded; thus I have taught and thus my colleagues have taught.” If they have heard, they tell them. If not, they come to those at the entrance to the Courtyard, where he says, “Thus I have ex-pounded and thus my colleagues have taught.” If they have heard, they tell them. If not, they all come to the High Court in the Chamber of the Hewn Stone, from where Torah goes forth to all Israel, as it is stated: From that place that HASHEM shall choose. [If] he returned to his town and continued to teach in the same manner as before, he is exempt; but if he ruled that it be done, he is liable; as it is stated: But the man who will act willfully —- he is not liable until he rules that it be done. A disciple who ruled that it be done is exempt; thus his stringency is his leniency.