11. [Regarding] basins in a bathhouse, [if] the lower one is full of drawn water and the higher one full of valid water, and there are three lugin opposite the hole, it is invalid. How much need be in the hole that it should equal three lugin? One three hundred and twentieth of a pool; [these are] the words of R’ Yose. [But] R’ Elazar says: Even if the lower one is full of valid water and the upper one full of drawn water, and there are three lugin next to the hole, it is valid, for all they said was, ‘‘Three lugin that fell in.’’

1. Some [substances] complete a mikveh and do not disqualify [it]; some disqualify [a mikveh] and do not complete [it]; some neither complete nor disqualify. The following complete [a mikveh] and do not disqualify [it]: snow, hail, sleet, ice, salt and liquid mud. Said R’ Akiva: ‘‘R’ Yishmael argued with me, saying: ‘Snow cannot complete a mikveh.’ ‘‘ But the [towns]people of Meidva testified in his [R’ Yishmael’s] name that he had said to them: ‘‘Go and bring snow and make a mikveh from the beginning.’’ R’ Yochanan ben Nuri says: Hailstones are like water. How so do they complete [a mikveh] and not disqualify [it]? [If] a mikveh contains forty se’ah less one, and a se’ah of these [substances] falls into it, it completes it. Thus, they complete and do not disqualify.

2. The following [substances] disqualify [a mik- veh] and do not complete [it]: water, whether tamei or tahor; water in which fruits or vegetables have been soaked or water in which they have been cooked; and marc that has not fermented. How do they disqualify [a mikveh] and not complete [it]? If a mikveh contains forty se’ah less one kortov, and a kortov of these [substances] falls into it, it does not complete it. They disqualify it with three lugin. But other [defined] liquids, fruit juice, fish juice, fish sauce, and marc that has fermented, sometimes complete [a mikveh] and sometimes do not complete [it]. How so? [If] a mikveh contains forty se’ah less one, and a se’ah of these substances falls into it, it does not complete it. [If] it contained forty se’ah, and he put in a se’ah [of these substances], and [then] he removed a se’ah, it [remains] valid.

3. [If] one rinsed in it [in a mikveh] olive baskets or grape baskets and they changed its color, it [remains] valid. R’ Yose says: Dye-water disqualifies it [the mikveh] when there is three lugin, [but] does not disqualify it by change of color. [If] wine or olive-sap fell into it [the mikveh] and they changed its color, it is invalid. What should one do? He should wait until rain falls and its color returns to the color of water. [If] it contained forty se’ah, he can draw [water, carry it] on [his] shoulder and place [it] into the [mikveh], until its color returns to the color of water.

4. [If] wine or olive-sap fell into it and they changed part of its color, when there [remains] not forty se’ah with the color of water, he cannot immerse therein.

5. [If] three lugin of water — into which fell a kortov of wine and its color became like the color of wine — fall into a mikveh, they do not disqualify it. [If] three lugin of water, less a kortov — into which fell a kortov of milk and its color [remained] like the color of water — fall into a mikveh, they do not disqualify it. R’ Yochanan ben Nuri says: Everything follows the color.

6. [If] a mikveh contained exactly forty se’ah, and two persons went down [into the mikveh] and immersed themselves one after the other, the first one [becomes] tahor, but the second one [remains] tamei. R’ Yehudah says: If the feet of the first one were [still] touching the water, the second one also [becomes] tahor. [If] one immersed therein a thick blanket and lifted it out, [as long as] part of it touches the water, [whoever immerses himself becomes] tahor. [Regarding] a leather mattress or cushion, as soon as one raises their lip out of the [mikveh] water, the water within them becomes drawn water. What should one do? He should immerse them and lift them out with their bottoms [upwards].

7. [If] one immersed therein a bed, even though its feet were sunken into thick mud, it [becomes] tahor, because the water comes first. [Regarding] a mikveh of shallow water, one can depress [therein] even bundles of wood or bundles of reeds so that the water rises, and one can then go down and immerse himself. [If] a needle was placed on the steps of a cave and one moved the water to and fro, as soon as a wave passes over it, it becomes tahor.

1. The Land of Israel is tahor and its mikvaos are tahor. Mikvaos of Gentiles outside the land are valid for baalei keri, even if they were filled by a canal. Those in the Land of Israel outside the town-gate are valid even for niddos. Those within the town-gate are valid for baalei keri but are invalid for all [others] who are tamei. R’ Eliezer says: Those near a town or a road are [deemed] tamei because of washing [clothes therein], and those distant are deemed tahor.