[Regarding] someone who was sitting in the public domain and one came and tread on his clothes, or spit and he touched his saliva, with regard to his saliva we burn terumah, but with regard to his clothes we follow the majority. [If] he was sleeping in the public domain and then awoke, his clothes are tamei as a midras; [these are] the words of R’ Meir. But the Sages rule [them] tahor.  [If] someone touched a person at night, and it is not known whether [that person] was alive or dead, and in the morning he arose and found him dead, R’ Meir rules [that he is] tahor. But the Sages rule [that he is] tamei, because all [uncer-tainties of] tumah are [decided] according to [their status at] the time of their discovery.

[If there is] one deranged female in the town, or a Canaanite woman or a female Cuthean, all the spittle in the town is tamei.  [Regarding] someone upon whose garments a woman tread, or who sat with him on a boat, if she recognizes him as someone who eats terumah, his garments are tahor. But if not, he must ask her.

[If a single] witness says [that] one was ren-dered tamei, and [that person] says: “I was not rendered tamei,” [he is deemed] ta-hor. [If] two [witnesses] say: “You were rendered tamei,” and he says: “I was not rendered tamei,” R’ Meir rules [him] tamei, But the Sages say: He is believed through himself.  [If a single] witness says [that] he was rendered tamei, and two [witnesses] say [that] he was not rendered tamei, he is [deemed] tahor whether in a private domain or in a public domain. [If] two [witness-es] say [that] he was rendered tamei and [a single] witness says [that] he was not rendered tamei, he is [deemed] tamei wheth-er in a private domain or in a public domain. [If a single] witness says [that] he was rendered tamei and [another single] witness says [that] he was not rendered tamei, [or if] a woman says [that] he was rendered tamei and [another] woman says [that] he was not rendered tamei, in a private domain, he is [deemed] tamei; in the public domain, he is [deemed] tahor.

[Regarding] a place which was a private domain and became a public domain, [and] then again became a private domain, when it is a private domain, its [tumah] uncertainties are [ruled] tamei; when it is a public domain, its [tumah] uncertainties are ruled tahor.  [If] a terminally ill person was in a private domain, and they took him out to a public domain, and then returned him to a private domain, while he is in the private domain his [tumah] uncertainties are [ruled] tamei; while he is in the public do-main his [tumah] uncertainties are [ruled] tahor. R’ Shimon says: The public domain interrupts.

[There are] four uncertainties [in which] R’ Yehoshua rules [the uncertainty] tamei and the Sages rule [it] tahor. How so? A tamei [person] is standing and a tahor [person] is passing by, [or] a tahor [person] is standing and a tamei [person] is passing by, a tamei [object] is in a private domain and a tahor [object] is in a public domain, [or] a tahor [object] is in a private domain and a tamei [object] is in a public domain, [there is a] doubt whether [one entity] touched [the other entity] or did not touch [it], [or there is a] doubt whether [it] shared a roof [with the other entity] or did not share a roof [with it], [or there is a] doubt whether it caused [the other entity] to move or did not cause [it] to move, R’ Yehoshua rules [the tahor entity] tamei, but the Sages rule [it] tahor.

[Regarding] a tree which was standing in the public domain and [an object of] tumah was in it, [if] one climbed to the top of [the tree], [and there is] a doubt whether he touched [the tamei object or] did not touch [it], the uncertainty is [ruled] tamei.  [If] one inserted his hand into a hole that has [an object of] tumah [in it], [and there is] a doubt whether he touched [the tamei ob-ject] or did not touch [it], the uncertainty is [ruled] tamei.  [Regarding] a store which was tamei and open to a public do-main, [and there is] a doubt whether one entered [the store] or did not enter [it], the uncertainty is [ruled] tahor. [If there is] a doubt whether he touched [a tamei item there] or did not touch [it], the uncertainty is [ruled] tahor.  [Regarding] two stores, one [of which is] tamei and one [of which is] tahor, [and] one entered one of them, [and there is] a doubt whether he went into the tamei [one] or into the tahor [one], the uncertainty is [ruled] tamei.

As many uncertainties and uncertainties of uncertainties that you can add in a pri-vate domain [the uncertainty is ruled] tamei; [but] in the public domain [the uncertainty is ruled] tahor. How so? [If] one entered an alleyway and there was [an object of] tumah in the courtyard, [and there is] a doubt whether he entered [the courtyard] or did not enter; [or there was an ob-ject of] tumah in a house, [and there is] a doubt whether he entered [the house] or did not enter [it]; and even if he entered, [there is] a doubt whether [the object of tumah] was there or it was not there; and even if it was there [there is] a doubt whether it con-sisted of the [minimum] measure [for tumah] or it did not consist of the [minimum] measure; and even if it did consist [of the minimum measure], [there is] a doubt whether it is [an object of] tumah or it is [an object of] taharah; and even if it is [an item of] tumah, [there is] a doubt whether he touched [it] or he did not [touch it], the uncertainty is [ruled] tamei. R’ Elazar says: An uncertainty [regarding] entry is [ruled] tahor; an uncertainty [regarding] contact with tumah is [ruled] tamei.

[If one] enters an area of open fields dur-ing the rainy season and there is tumah in a certain field, and he said, “I went to that area but I do not know whether I entered that field or not,” R’ Elazar rules [him] tahor, but the Sages rule [him] tamei.

An uncertainty [of tumah] in a private domain is [deemed] tamei until he says, “I did not touch [the tamei object].” An uncer-tainty [of tumah] in a public domain is [deemed] tahor until he says, “I touched [the tamei object].”  Which is a public do-main? The paths of Beis Gilgul and [other paths] similar to them are a private domain in regard to [the laws of] the Sab-bath but a public domain in regard to [the laws of] tumah. Said R’ Eliezer: The paths of Beis Gilgul were not mentioned [in the academy] other than [to teach] that they are a private domain for this [the Sabbath laws] and for that [the tumah laws].  The paths that open into pits, ditches, vaults, and wine vats are a private domain for [the laws of] the Sabbath but a public domain for [the laws of] tumah.

An area of open fields: During the summer season, it is a private domain with regard to [the laws of] the Sabbath and a public domain with regard to [the laws of] tumah; [whereas] during the rainy season, it is a private domain with regard to both this and that.

A basilica is a private domain for the Sabbath but a public domain for tumah. R’ Yehudah says: If he stands at this entrance and sees those who enter and those who leave at the other entrance, it is a private domain for this and for that. But if not, [it is] a private domain for the Sabbath and a public domain for tumah.

A paron is a private domain for the Sabbath and a public domain for tumah; and simi-larly, the sides [of the paron]. R’ Meir says: The sides are a private domain for this and for that.  The [storefront] bench area is a private do-main for the Sabbath and a public domain for tumah.  A courtyard which the public enters [on one side] and exits on [the other side] is a private domain in regard to [the laws] of the Sabbath but a public domain in regard to [the laws of] tumah.

A potter who put down his pots and went down to drink, the inner ones are tahor while the outer ones are tamei. Said R’ Yose: When are these things said? When they are loose; but when they are bundled, everything is tahor.  [If] one entrusts his key to an am haaretz, the house is tahor, because he entrusted him only with the guarding of the key.

[If] someone leaves an am haaretz in his house: [if he left him] awake and finds him awake, asleep and finds him asleep, [or] awake and finds him asleep, the house is tahor. [But if he leaves him] asleep and finds him awake, [Everything in] the house is tamei. [These are] the words of R’ Meir. But the Sages say: Nothing [in the house]is tamei except for [those items in] the area that he can stretch out his hand and touch.