A barrel that developed a hole and one repaired it with more pitch than necessary: That which touches the necessary [pitch] is tamei, [while that which touches] the un- necessary [pitch] is tahor. Pitch that dripped onto a barrel: That which touches it is tahor. A wooden or earthenware funnel that was plugged with pitch: R’ Elazar ben Azariah rules [them] tamei; R’ Akiva rules the wooden [funnel] tamei but rules the earthenware [funnel] tahor; R’ Yose rules both of them tahor.

An earthenware fragment that cannot stand because of its handle, or it has a protrusion and the protrusion tilts it, is tahor. [If] the handle was removed [or] the protrusion broke off, it is [still] tahor; R’ Yehudah rules [it] tamei. A barrel whose bottom fell out but is able to contain on its walls, or it split [and became] like two troughs: R’ Yehudah rules [it] tahor, but the Sages rule [it] tamei.

A barrel that has fractured and cannot be transported with a half-kav of dried figs is tahor. A gistera that has fractured and cannot contain liquids, although it can contain [solid] foods, is tahor, since there are no remnants for remnants.

Which [damaged utensil] is a gistera? Any [utensil] whose handles have been removed. [If] it had protrusions jutting out: Any [protrusion] that can contain olives transmits tumah via contact, and opposite [that area] transmits tumah via airspace; any [protrusion] that cannot contain olives transmits tumah via contact, but opposite [that area] does not transmit tumah via airspace. [If] it was resting on its side, like a katedra: Any [protrusion] that can contain olives transmits tumah via contact, and opposite [that area] transmits tumah via airspace; any [protrusion] that cannot contain olives transmits tumah via contact, but opposite [that area] does not transmit tumah via airspace. The bottoms of Kurfian [utensils] and the bottoms of Sidonian cups — even though they cannot stand without support — are tamei, since this is how they were initially made.

An earthenware utensil that has three rims: [If] the inner one is higher, everything is tahor; [if] the outer one is higher, everything is tamei; [if] the middle one is higher, [then everything] from it and inward is tamei, [while everything] from it and outward is tahor. [If] they were even: R’ Yehudah says: We divide the middle [receptacle]. But the Sages say: Everything is tahor. From which point do earthenware utensils contract tumah? From when they are fired in the kiln, and this is the completion of their manufacture.

An oven: Its beginning is four [handbreadths] and its remnants are four [handbreadths, these are] the words of R’ Meir. But the Sages say: When do these words apply? In [the case of] a large [oven], but in [the case of] a small [oven], its beginning is the smallest amount and its remnants are the majority of it. [The above applies] from the time its manufacture is complete. What is [considered] the completion of its manufacture? From when one heats it enough to bake sponge cakes in it. R’ Yehudah says: When one heats a new [oven] enough to bake sponge cakes in an old [oven].

A stove: Its beginning is three [fingerbreadths] and its remnants are three [fingerbreadths], from the time its manufacture is completed. What is [considered] the completion of its manufacture? From when one heats it enough to cook on it the most easily cooked egg, [which has been] beaten and put into a stewpot. A kupach: [If] one made it for baking, its measure is that of an oven; [if] one made it for cooking, its measure is that of a stove. A stone that juts out one handbreadth from an oven, or three fingerbreadths from a stove, [is] a connection. [A stone] that juts out of a kupach: [If] one made it for baking, its measure is that of an oven; [if] one made it for cooking, its measure is that of a stove. R’ Yehudah said: They only said ‘‘one handbreadth’’ between the oven and the wall. [If] two ovens were adjacent to each other, one handbreadth is allotted to one [oven] and one handbreadth to the other [oven], and the remainder is tahor.

The rim of a stove is tahor. The enclosure of an oven: When it is four handbreadths high it contracts tumah via contact and airspace, [but] less than this is tahor. If it was connected to [the oven], even on three stones, it is tamei. The flask receptacle and the spice receptacle and the lamp receptacle of a stove contract tumah via contact but do not contract tumah via airspace, [these are] the words of R’ Meir. R’ Yishmael rules [them] tahor.

An oven that was heated from the outside, or that was heated without his intent, or that was heated in the artisan’s workshop, is tamei. It once happened that a fire broke out among the ovens of Kefar Signah, and the case came to Yavneh, and Rabban Gamliel ruled [the ovens] tamei.

The supplement of the oven of householders is tahor, but that of bakers is tamei, because he supports the spit on it. R’ Yochanan HaSandlar says: Because he bakes with it when he is hard pressed. Similarly, the supplement of the cauldron of olive boilers is tamei, but that of dyers is tahor.

An oven that was filled with earth up to its midpoint: [The area] from the earth and downward contracts tumah via contact; [the area] from the earth and upward contracts tumah via airspace. [If] one placed [an oven] over the mouth of a pit or over the mouth of a cistern and placed a stone there, R’ Yehudah says: If he lights [a fire] below and [the oven] is heated above, it is tamei. But the Sages say: Since in any event [the oven] was heated, it is tamei.