Hillel says: A Full hin of drawn water disqualifies a mikveh that is incomplete. [Hillel chose the above wording] only because a person is required to speak in the language of his teacher. But Shammai says: Nine kavs. And the Sages say neither in accord-ance with the words of this one nor in accordance with the words of that one; rather, [the matter was in dispute] until two weavers came from the Dung Gate of Jerusalem, and they testified in the name of Shemayah and Avtalyon that three lugin of drawn water disqualify a mikveh. And the Sages upheld their words.

And why do we mention the words of Shammai and Hillel for naught? In order to teach future generations that a person should not stand by his opinion, for even the patriarchs of the world did not stand by their words.

And why do we mention the opinions of an individual among the majority since [in any case] the halachah does not accord [with him] but rather with the opinion of the majority? So that if a court will form the opinion of the individual and rely upon him, then a subsequent court will not be able to nullify the verdict of its fellow court unless it is greater than [the first court] in wisdom and in number. If [the latter] was greater than [the former] in wisdom but not in number, or in number but not in wisdom, it is not able to nullify the decision of the [former court] unless [the latter] is greater in number and in wisdom.

R' Yehudah said: If so, why do we mention the opinions of an individual among the majority for naught? So that if a person will say, “Thus have I received as a tradition,” one will [be able to] answer him, “It is in accordance with the words of So-and-so that you have heard!”

Beis Shammai say: A quarter[-kav] of bones [transmits tumah] from the bones, whether from two or three. But Beis Hillel say: A quarter[-kav] of bones [transmits tumah only when they come] from the [bones of a single] corpse, from a majority of the structure or from a numerical majority. Shammai says: Even from one bone.

Vetch of terumah, Beis Shammai say: We must rub and soak [it] in [a state of] taharah, but we feed [it] in [a state of] tumah. Beis Hillel say: We must soak [it] in taharah, but we [may] rub and feed [it] in [a state of] tumah. Shammai says: They should be eaten dry. R' Akiva says: Everything done with them [may be done] in [a state of] tumah.

If one converts into a [silver] sela [copper] coins of maaser sheni, Beis Shammai say: [He exchanges copper] coins for an entire sela. But Beis Hillel say: A shekel's worth of silver and a shekel's worth of coins. R' Meir says: We may not deconsecrate silver and produce [of maaser sheni] onto silver, but the Sages permit [this].

[If] one changes [a silver] sela of maaser sheni [into copper coins], in Jerusalem Beis Shammai say: [He takes change] for the entire sela [in copper] coins. But Beis Hillel say: [He takes change] for [one] shekel [of the sela in] silver and for [the other] shekel [of the sela in copper] coins. Those who debate before the Sages say: [He takes change] for three dinars [of the sela in] silver and for [the remaining] dinar [of the sela in copper] coins. R' Akiva says: R' Akiva says: [He takes change] for three dinars [of the sela in] silver, and for the fourth [dinar of] silver [he takes] for a quarter [copper] coins. And R' Tarfon says: [For the fourth dinar he takes] four aspers of silver. Shammai says: He should leave [the sela] in the store and take [successive amounts of] food corresponding to it.

[With regard to] a bridal chair whose spindles were removed, Beis Shammai declare it tamei, but Beis Hillel declare it tahor. Shammai says: Even the malbein of the chair is tamei. [With regard to] a chair that one affixed to a kneading trough, Beis Shammai declare it tamei, but Beis Hillel declare it tahor. Shammai says: Even [the chair] made [originally to be] in [the kneading trough] is susceptible to tumas mid-ras.

These are the matters about which Beis Hillel reversed themselves to [thenceforth] rule in accordance with the view of Beis Shammai. If a woman came from overseas and she said, “My husband died [overseas],” she may marry; “My hus-band died [overseas],” she may be taken in yibum. But Beis Hillel say: We have not heard [this tradition] ex-cept in a case where she comes from the grain harvest. Beis Shammai said to them: It is the same whether she comes from the harvest and it is the same whether she comes from the [harvest of] olives and it is the same whether she comes from overseas; [the Rabbis] spoke in [terms of] the harvest only [because that was the incident] as it happened. [And subsequently] Beis Hillel reversed [them-selves] to [thenceforth] rule in accordance with Beis Shammai. Beis Shammai say: She may remarry and col-lect her kesubah. But Beis Hillel say: She may remarry but she does not col-lect her kesubah. Beis Shammai said to them: [If] you have permitted the grave [matter of] ervah, shall you not [then certainly] permit the less grave [matter of] money? Beis Hillel said to them: We find that the brothers do not enter into [possession of] the estate on [the basis of] her testimony. Beis Shammai said to them: But we can learn [this ruling] from her kesubah docu-ment; for he writes to her that “If you marry another, you will take what is written to you.” [And] Beis Hillel reversed [them-selves] to [thenceforth] rule in accordance with the opinion of Beis Shammai.

One who is half slave and half a free man, works one day for his master and one day for himself, these are the words of Beis Hillel. Beis Shammai said to [Beis Hillel]: You have provided a solution for his master, but for [him] himself you have not pro-vided a solution! He is not able to marry a slavewoman, [and] he is not able [to mar-ry] a free woman. Shall he remain idle? But was not the world created only for propagation, as it is stated (Isaiah 45:18): He [God] did not create it [the world] to be desolate; He formed it to be inhabited? Rather, for the benefit of society, we force his master and he [must] make him a [com-pletely] free man, and [the slave must] write [him] a note for half his value. [Subsequently] Beis Hillel reversed [themselves] to [thenceforth] rule in accordance with [the view of] Beis Shammai.