One who throws from a private domain to a public domain, [or] from a public domain to a private domain, is liable. [One who throws] from one private domain to another private domain, and a public domain [lies] in between, R’ Akiva holds [him] liable. The Sages, however, exempt [him].

In what manner? Two balconies, one opposite the other, in a public domain, one who hands over or throws from one to the other is exempt. If both were in one row, one who hands over is liable, [whereas] one who throws is exempt. For such was the work of the Levites: [There were] two wagons one behind the other in a public domain, they would hand over the boards from one to the other, but they would not throw [them]. The bank of a cistern and a rock that are ten [handbreadths] high and four [handbreadths] wide, one who takes [an article] from them or places [an article] upon them is liable; less than these [dimensions], he is exempt.

One who throws [an article a distance of] four cubits against a wall, above ten handbreadths [from the ground], it is as though he is throwing in the air; below ten handbreadths [from the ground], it as though he is throwing on the ground. One who throws [an article a distance of] four cubits on the ground is liable. [If] one threw [to a point] within four cubits, but it rolled beyond four cubits, he is exempt; [if he threw] beyond four cubits, but it [then] rolled [back] to within four cubits, he is liable.

One who throws [a distance of] four cubits in the sea is exempt. If there was a shallow pool of muddy water with a public domain passing through it, one who throws [a distance of] four cubits in it is liable. How much is a shallow pool? Less than ten handbreadths. A shallow pool with a public domain passing through it, one who throws [a distance of] four cubits in it is liable.

One who throws from the sea to the dry land, from the dry land to the sea, from the sea to the ship, from the ship to the sea, or from one ship to another, is exempt. If ships are tied together, we may move [things] from one to the other. If they are not tied [together], even though they are close to each other, we may not move [things] from one to the other.

One who threw [something], and reminded himself after it had left his hand; [or] another [person] caught it; [or] a dog caught it; [or] it was burnt [in flight]; he is exempt. [If] one threw [a stone] with the intention of inflicting a wound upon either a man or a beast, and he reminded himself when the wound had not yet been inflicted, he is exempt. This is the rule: All who are liable for sin offerings are not liable unless the be-ginning and the end of their acts are [both] inadvertent. [If] their beginning was in-advertent but their end was intentional, [or if] their beginning was intentional but their end was inadvertent, they are exempt, unless their beginning and their end are inadvertent.

One who builds, how much must he build to be liable? One who builds any amount; one who chisels [a stone], strikes with a hammer or with an adz, [or] drills, any amount, is liable. This is the rule: Anyone who works, and his work endures, on the Sabbath is liable. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says; Also one who strikes with a sledge hammer on the anvil while working is liable, since he is as one who improves the work.

One who plows any amount; one who weeds, or prunes dry branches, or prunes young shoots, in any amount, is liable. One who gathers wood, if [his intent is] to effect an improvement, [he is liable for] any amount if [his intent is] for kindling, [he is liable] for the amount [of wood] required to cook an easily cooked egg. One who gathers grasses, if [his intent is] to effect an improvement, [he is liable for] any amount; if [his intent is] for animal [fodder], [he is liable] for as much as a kid’s mouthful.

One who writes two letters, whether with his right hand or his left; whether of one character or of two characters; whether with two inks; in any language, he is liable. R’ Yose says: They declared [writing] two letters liable only because of mark-ing, for thus would they write on the boards of the Mishkan, to know which ones were mates. Rabbi [Yehudah HaNassi] said: We find a short name which is part of a long name, SHeM from SHiMon, or SHMuel, NoaCH from NaCHor, DaN from DaNiel, GaD from GaDiel.

One who writes two letters in one period of forgetfulness is liable. [Whether] he wrote with ink, with orpiment, with vermilion, with gum, with ferrous sulphate, or with anything that marks; on two walls forming a corner, or on two pages of a ledger, that can be read together, he is liable. One who writes on his skin is liable. One who scratches on his skin, R’ Eliezer holds him liable for a sin offering. But R’ Yehoshua exempts [him].

[If] one wrote with liquids, with fruit juices, in road dust, in scribes’ dust, or with anything that does not endure, he is exempt. [If one wrote] with the back of his hand, with his foot, with his mouth, or with his elbow; [if] one wrote one letter alongside a written letter; [if] one wrote over [other] writing; [if] one intended to write a ח, but wrote two ז’s; [if one wrote] one [letter] on the ground and one [letter] on a beam; [or if] one wrote on two walls of the house, or on two pages of a ledger, that cannot be read together, he is exempt. [If] one wrote one letter as an abbreviation, R’ Yehoshua ben Beseira holds [him] liable. But the Sages exempt [him].

One who writes two letters in two periods of forgetfulness, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, Rabban Gamliel holds [him] liable. But the Sages exempt [him].

R’ Eliezer says: One who weaves three threads at the beginning, or [adds] one thread to woven fabric, is liable. But the Sages say: Whether at the beginning or at the end, its amount is two threads.

One who sets two heddles of a home loom, [or] of a commercial loom; [and one who positions the warp reeds of] a sifter, a sieve, or a basket, is liable. One who sews two stitches, and one who tears in order to sew two stitches.