A shard, [large] enough to place between one board and another — [these are] the words of R’ Yehudah. R’ Meir says: [Large] enough to pick up fire therewith. R’ Yose says: [Large] enough to contain a quarter-log. Said R’ Meir: Although there is no proof to the matter, there is an intimation of the matter: And there shall not be found among its pieces a shard with which to pick up fire from the hearth (Isaiah 30:14). R’ Yose retorted: Is there proof from there? [The verse concludes,] Or to scoop up water from a pit (ibid).

Said R’ Akiva: From where do we learn that [an object of] idolatry transmits tumah-contamination by carrying, like a menstruant? For it is stated: Cast them away like a menstruant. ‘‘Go out!’’ shall you say to it (Isaiah 30:22). Just as a menstruant transmits tumah-contamination by carrying, so does [an object of] idolatry transmit tumah-contamination by carrying.

From where do we learn that a ship is not susceptible to tumah-contamination? For it is stated: The way of a ship in the midst of the sea (Proverbs 30:19). From where do we learn that a garden bed, that is six by six handbreadths, may be sown with five types of seeds, four on the four sides of the garden-bed and one in the center? For it is stated: For like the earth, it will give forth its plant, and like a garden, it will cause its seeds to grow (Isaiah 61:11). ‘‘Its seed’’ is not stated, but ‘‘its seeds.’’

From where do we learn that a woman who emits semen on the third day is tamei? For it is stated: Be prepared for three days (Exodus 19:15). From where do we learn that we may bathe a circumcised infant on the third day [even] if it falls on the Sabbath? For it is stated: And it came to pass on the third day when they were in pain (Genesis 34:25). From where do we learn that a strip of red wool is tied on the head of the goat that is sent out? For it is stated: If your sins will be like crimson, they will become white as snow (Isaiah 1:18).

From where do we learn that anointing is tantamount to drinking on Yom Kippur? Although there is no proof for the matter, there is an intimation of the matter, for it is said: And it came like water into his innards, and like oil into his bones (Psalms 109:18).

One who takes out wood [is liable if he takes out] enough to cook an easily cooked egg; condiments, enough to season an easily seasoned egg; and they may be combined with one another. Nutshells, pomegranate shells, woad, or madder, enough to dye the smallest cloth in a headdress. Urine, niter, soap, saltwort, or eshlag, enough to launder with them the smallest cloth in a headdress. R’ Yehudah says: Enough to pass over a stain.

Pepper, any amount; tar, any amount; types of spices and types of metals, any amount; of the Altar stones, of the Altar earth, decay of old scrolls, or decay of their wraps, any amount, for we put them away to save them. R’ Yehudah says: Also, one who takes out accessories of [objects of] idolatry, any amount, for it is stated: Nothing of that which is banned shall cleave to your hand (Deuteronomy 13:18).

One who takes out a peddler’s basket, though it contains many sorts, is liable for but one sin offering. Garden seeds, less than the equivalent of a dried fig. R’ Yehudah ben Beseira says: Five. Cucmber seeds, two; gourd seeds, two; Egyptian bean seeds, two; a live ko-sher locust, any size; [a] dead [one], the size of a dried fig; a bird of the vineyards, whether alive or dead, any size, for they store it for medicinal purposes. R’ Yehudah says: Also, one who takes out a live non-kosher locust [is liable for] any size, since they store it for a child to play with.

One who stored [a seed to be used] for sowing, or as a sample, or for medicine, and took it out on the Sabbath, is liable for any amount. Other people, however, are not liable except for its prescribed amount. If he changed his mind and brought it in, he is not liable except for its prescribed amount.

One who took out foodstuffs and placed them on the threshold, whether he [him-self] subsequently returned and took them out or whether someone else took them out, he is exempt, since he did not perform his work at one time. [One who took out] a basket which was full of produce, and placed it on the outer threshold, even though the greater portion of the produce is outside, he is exempt until he takes out the entire basket.

One who takes out, either with his right hand or with his left hand, in his bosom, or on his shoulder, is liable, for such was the [method of] carrying used by the sons of Kehath. [If he carried] backhandedly: with his foot, in his mouth, with his elbow, in his ear, in his hair, in his moneybelt with its opening [hanging] downward, between his moneybelt and his shirt, in the hem of his shirt, in his shoe, or in his sandal, he is exempt, because he did not carry out in a manner of those who carry things out.

One who intended to take out [an object] in front of him, and it slipped behind him, is exempt; behind him, and it shifted to the front of him, is liable. Indeed, they said: A woman girded with an apron, whether in front of her or behind her, is liable, for it is common [for it] to shift around. R’ Yehudah says: Also letter carriers.

One who takes a loaf of bread out to a public domain is liable; if two [people] took it out, they are [both] exempt. If one could not take it out [by himself] and two took it out, they are [both] liable. R’ Shimon, however, exempts [them]. One who takes out foodstuffs less than the prescribed amount in a vessel is exempt even for the vessel, because the vessel is secondary to it; a live person on a bed, he is exempt even for the bed, for the bed is secondary to him; a corpse on a bed, he is liable. And similarly, [one who takes out a part] of a corpse the size of an olive, or [a piece] of an animal’s carcass the size of an olive, or [a piece] of a dead sheretz the size of a lentil, he is liable. R’ Shimon, however, exempts [him].

One who removes his fingernails one with the other, or with his teeth, and similarly, [one who removes] his hair, his moustache, or his beard [in such a manner]; and one who braids [her hair], or paints [her eyes], or parts [her hair], R’ Eliezer declares lia-ble. But the Sages prohibit [them] as Rabbinical enactments. One who detaches [a plant] from a perforated flowerpot is liable; [from] an unperforated one, is exempt. R’ Shimon, however, exempts in both cases.