We may not roast meat, onions or eggs, unless there is sufficient [time] for them to become roasted while it is yet day. We may not place bread in the oven near nightfall, nor a cake upon coals, un-less there is sufficient [time] for its upper surface to form a crust while it is yet day. R’ Eliezer says: Sufficient [time] for its bottom [surface] to form a crust.

We may lower the pesach sacrifice into the oven near nightfall, and we may ignite [with chips] the fire of the pyre in the [Temple] fire chamber. But in the country, [this may not be done unless there is] sufficient [time] for the fire to take hold of most of them. R’ Yehudah says: With charcoal [it is permitted as long as there is sufficient time for the fire to take hold of] any amount.

With what may we light [the Sabbath lamp], and with what may we not light? We may light neither with cedar bast, nor with uncarded flax, nor with floss silk, nor with willow bast, nor with desert fiber, nor with sea moss; nor [may we light] with pitch, nor with wax, nor with cottonseed oil, nor with oil that must be burnt, nor with [fat from] a sheep’s tail, nor with tallow. Nachum the Mede says: We may light with boiled tallow. But the Sages say: Whether boiled or not boiled, we may not light with it.

We may not light with oil that must be burnt, on Yom Tov. R’ Yishmael says: We may not light with tar, because of honor due the Sab-bath. But the Sages permit [lighting] with all oils: [namely,] with sesame oil, with nut oil, with radish oil, with fish oil, with colocynth oil, with tar, or with naphtha. R’ Tarfon says: We may light only with olive oil.

We may not light with any product of a tree, except flax. And no tree-product can contract tumah-contamination from sheltering [a contaminated object], except flax. A wick made from a cloth that one twisted but did not singe — R’ Eliezer says: It is susceptible to tumah-contamination, and we may not light with it. R’ Akiva says: It is not susceptible to tumah-contamination, and we may light with it.

One may not pierce an eggshell, fill it with oil, and put it over the mouth of a lamp so that it [the oil] will drip, even if it [the container] is of earthenware. But R’ Yehudah permits [this]. However, if the potter attached it originally, it is permitted, be-cause it is a single vessel. One may not fill a bowl with oil, put it beside a lamp, and put the end of the wick into it [the bowl] so that it will draw [oil]. But R’ Yehudah permits [this].

One who extinguishes a lamp because he fears idolaters, because of bandits, be-cause of melancholia, or so that a sick person may fall asleep, he is exempt. [But if he does so] to spare the lamp, to spare the oil, or to spare the wick, he is liable. R’ Yose exempts in all of these [cases], except that of the wick, because he makes it [into] charcoal.

For three transgressions women die during their childbirth: because they are not careful regarding [the laws of ] niddah, challah, and kindling the [Sabbath] light.

A man must say three things in his home on the eve of the Sabbath just before dark: ‘‘Have you tithed? Have you prepared the eruv? Kindle the [Sabbath] light!’’ If there is a doubt whether it is dark or it is not dark, we may not tithe defi-nite[ly untithed produce], nor may we immerse vessels, nor may we kindle the lights; but we may tithe demai, make an eruv, and insulate hot food.

A double stove that was heated with straw or with stubble, we may place a cooked food upon it; [if it was heated] with marc or with wood, one may not place [cooked food upon it] until he has swept away [the coals], or until he has put ashes [over them]. Beis Shammai say: Hot water but not cooked food. But Beis Hillel say: Both hot water and cooked food. Beis Shammai say: We may remove [the food] but not replace [it]. But Beis Hillel say: We may even replace [it].