[Regarding] the leaves of onions and the stalks of onions, if they contain sap, they are measured as they are. [But] if they contain a hollow, one must compress the hollow. Sponge bread is measured as it is. If it contains a hollow, one must compress the hollow. [Regarding] the meat of a calf that swelled, and the meat of an old [animal] that shrank, they are measured as they are.

[Regarding] a cucumber that one planted in a flowerpot, and it grew and extended out of the flowerpot, it is tahor. R’ Shimon said: What is the basis for purifying it? Rather, the tamei [portion remains] with its tumah, and the tahor [portion] may be eaten.

Dung vessels and mud vessels through which the roots can go out do not render plants susceptible to tumah. A perforated flowerpot does not render plants susceptible to tumah. But one that is not perforated does render plants susceptible to tumah. What is the [minimum] measure of the hole? [Large] enough that a small root can go out through it. [If] one filled it with soil to its edge, it is like a board that has no rim.

There are some [items] that require hechsher but do not require thought, [others that require] thought and hechsher, [others that require] thought but not hechsher, [and others,] neither hechsher nor thought. All foods that are normally used for [consumption by] humans require hechsher but do not require thought.