A cow whose horns or hooves [are] black, [one should] cut them off. The eyeball and the teeth and the tongue do not inval-idate the cow. A dwarf-cow [is] valid. [If] it had a wart and one cut it off, R’ Yehudah invalidates [the cow]. R’ Shimon says: Any place that [the wart] was removed and did not give rise to red hair in its place, [the cow] is disqualified.

[A cow] born by Caesarean section and a harlot’s hire and the exchange [for a dog], [it is] invalid. R’ Eliezer validates [it], for it is stated (Deuteronomy 23:19): “You shall not bring a harlot’s hire or the exchange for a dog to the House of Hashem, your G-d,” and this does not come to the House.  All the blemishes which invalidate consecrated [animals] invalidate the cow.  [If] one rode on it, leaned on it, hung from its tail, [and] crossed the river with it, folded the rope on it, placed his cloak on it, [it is] invalidated.  But if one tied it with a rope, made a shoe for it so that it should not slip, spread his cloak on it on account of the flies, [it is] valid.  This is the rule: Anything [done] for [the cow’s] need, [it is] valid; for any other need, [it is] invalid.

[If] a bird rested upon her, [the cow] is valid. [If] a bull mounted her, [the cow] is invalidated. R’ Yehudah says: If he mounted [the male] upon [her], it is invalidated; but if [the male mounted her] on his own, it is valid.

[If] it had two black or white hairs inside one pore, it is invalidated. R’ Yehudah says: Even inside one kos. [If] they were in-side two kosos and they were aligned one with the other, it is invalidated. R’ Akiva says: Even four, even five, and they are scattered, he should pull them out. R’ Eliezer says: Even fifty. R’ Yehoshua ben Beseira says: Even [if there is] one [non-red hair] on her head and one on her tail, she is invalidated.  [If] it had two hairs whose roots were black and tips were red, [or] whose roots were red and tips were black, it all depends on what is visible. [These are] the words of R’ Meir. But the Sages say: [It] depends [on] the root.