All [people] can make a temurah, both men and women. [This is] not [to say] that one is permitted to perform a temurah act, rather, that if he did perform a temurah act, it is effective, and he receives forty [lashes].  Kohanim can make a temurah with [offer- ings] of their own, and Yisraelim can make a temurah with [offerings] of their own. [However,] Kohanim cannot make a temurah with a chatas, with an asham, or with a bechor. R’ Yochanan ben Nuri said: But why can [the Kohen] not make a temurah with a bechor? R’ Akiva said to him: A chatas and an asham [are] gifts to the Kohen, and a bechor [is] a gift to the Kohen; just like [the Kohen] cannot make a temurah with a chatas or an asham, so too he should not [be able to] make a temurah with a bechor. R’ Yochanan ben Nuri said to [R’ Akiva]: What [difference does it make] to me that [the Kohen] cannot make a temu- rah with a chatas or asham, in which [the Kohanim] receive no rights during [the animal’s] lifetime; will you say [the same] with regard to a bechor, in which [the Kohanim] do receive rights during its lifetime? R’ Akiva said to him: But it has already been stated: then it and its substitute shall be holy. Where did sanctity devolve upon [the original sacrifice]? In the owner’s house; so too, a temurah [act is effective only when the original offering] is in the owner’s house.

A city whose roofs constitute its wall, or one that was not surrounded by a wall from the time of Joshua the son of Nun, is not [treated] according to [the law of] the houses of walled cities. These are the houses of walled cities: Three courtyards consisting of two houses each, surrounded by a wall since the days of Joshua the son of Nun; for example, Old Katzra of Tzipporim, Chakra of Gush Chalav, Old Yodphas, Gamla, Gedod, Chadid, Ono, and Jerusalem; and the same for all that are like them.

The houses of the open towns are accorded the advantages of the houses of walled cities, and the advantages of fields: They may be redeemed immediately, and they may be redeemed for the entire twelve months like houses; and they go out in Yovel, and with the deduction of money, like fields. These are the houses of open towns: Two courtyards consisting of two houses each, even if they are surrounded by a wall from the time of Joshua the son of Nun, are judged as houses of open towns.

[If] a Yisrael inherited from his maternal grandfather, a Levi, he does not redeem according to this order. And so, too, [if] a Levi inherited from his maternal grandfather, a Yisrael, he does not redeem according to this order. As it says (Lev. 25:33): For the houses of the cities of the Leviim — unless he is [both] a Levi and in the cities of the Leviim; [these are] the words of Rabbi. The Sages, however, say: These matters were stated only concerning the cities of the Leviim. We may not make a field into a clearing, nor a clearing into a field, nor a clearing into a city, nor a city into a clearing. R’ Eliezer said: To what does this apply? To the cities of the Leviim. But in cities belonging to Yisraelim we may make a field into a clearing, but not a clearing into a field; [and we may make] a clearing into a city, but not a city into a clearing; lest they destroy the cities of Yisrael. The Kohanim and the Leviim may sell at any time, and redeem at any time; as it says (Lev. 25:32): The Leviim shall have an eternal [right of] redemption.