[If] one said to a storekeeper, “Give me produce for a dinar,” and he gave it to him; [but when] he said to him, “Give me the dinar,” he replied, “I gave it to you and you put it into the till” —- the householder swears. [If] he gave him the dinar, [and] said to him, “Give me the produce,” [and] he replied, “I gave it to you and you took it home” —- the storekeeper swears. R' Yehu-dah says: Whoever has the produce in his possession has the upper hand.  [If] one said to a money changer, “Give me a dinar's worth of maos,” and he gave [them] to him; [but when] he said to him, “Give me the dinar,” he replied, “I gave it to you and you put it into the till” —- the householder swears. [If] he gave him the dinar, [and] said to him, “Give me the maos,” [and] he replied, “I gave them to you and you threw them into your purse” —- the money changer swears. R' Yehudah says: It is not customary for a money changer to give an issar until he receives his dinar.

Just as they said [that] a woman who impairs her kesubah is not paid except with an oath; and [that] one against whom a sin-gle witness testifies that it is paid is not paid except with an oath; [and that] from mortgaged property or from the property of orphans, she is not paid except with an oath; and [that] one who receives payment in his absence is not paid except with an oath —- so too orphans are not paid except with an oath [viz.]: “We swear that our father did not enjoin us, neither did our father tell us, nor have we found among our father's documents that this note is paid.” R' Yochanan ben Berokah says: Even if the son is born after the father's death —- he swears and collects. Said Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel: If there are witnesses that the father said at the time of his death, “This note is not paid” —- he collects without an oath.

The following must swear although no claim is lodged: partners, sharecroppers, administrators, the wife who manages the af-fairs of the house, and the son of the house. [If] he said to him, “What claim do you lodge against me?” [and he replied,] “I want you to swear to me” —- he is liable.  Once the partners or the sharecroppers divided —- he cannot make him swear. [If] an oath was im-posed upon him from elsewhere —- they impose upon him an oath for the entire claim. The Shemittah year releases [one from] an oath.

There are four [types of] shomerim: the un-paid shomer, the borrower, the paid shomer, and the renter. The unpaid shomer swears for everything; the borrower pays for everything; the paid shomer and the renter swear concern-ing an animal that broke a limb, an animal that was captured, and an animal that died, but they pay for loss or theft.